What is blood type or blood type: Blood Type) is a type of protein and polysaccharides that reside on the surface of red blood cells and give blood its type.

There are multiple blood testing systems, but there are two basic systems: blood group systems, which are denoted by the abbreviation ABO, and the Rhesian system, which is symbolized by Rh.

Blood groups and their types

Blood groups are divided according to the presence or absence of antibodies on the surface of red blood cells and blood groups are inherited from parents to children, and the following is an explanation of the types of blood groups in detail.

ABO system which contains the most common blood groups with the English blood type symbol:

• Blood type A: It has antigens in the red blood cells of blood group A with antibodies to blood group B in plasma.
• Blood type B: It has antigens in the red blood cells of blood group B with antibodies to blood type A in plasma.
• Blood type AB: It has antigens in the red blood cells of groups A and B, but there are no antibodies.
• Blood type O: It does not have antigens, but it does have both blood group A and B antibodies in plasma.

Rare blood groups
Blood groups are related to heredity, so the prevalence or rarity of a group depends on how well it is passed down through generations, so the blood group is distributed differently around the world.

However, negative blood groups are the most rare blood group in the world, and blood groups are classified from the rarest to the least according to the following ratios:

AB negative: 0.6%.
B minus: 1.5%.
Positive AB: 3.4%.
A minus: 6.3%.
O Minus: 6.6 B%.
B positive: 8.5 B%.
A positive: 35.7%.
Positive: 37.4%.
Rhizian system
Red blood cells sometimes contain generators of another protein known as an RhD antagonist or Rh factor, which determines whether a blood type is positive or negative.

If this antibody is present, the blood type is positive RhD.

or if absent, the blood type is RhD-negative.

inheritance of blood groups
Genes determine the type of blood type, as a person inherits a gene from the mother and a gene from the father to form a pair of genes that determine the inherited traits, including the blood type, for example, a person can inherit a generator against A from one of his parents, and inherit a generator against B from the other, which results in a blood type AB, but if he inherits a generator against B from both parents, then his blood type will be B. The same is the case for blood type A, which results from inheriting a generator Against A of both parents.

How to find out blood type
Blood type is determined by antibodies and antigens in the blood.

Antibodies are proteins found in plasma, they are part of the body’s natural defenses, recognize foreign bodies such as germs, and alert the immune system to destroy these bodies.

Antigens are protein molecules on the surface of red blood cells.

To find out the blood type red blood cells are mixed with a solution of various antibodies.

For the
Blood donation helps people who need blood transfusions in many medical conditions, and most of the time anyone who is 18 years old and healthy can donate blood.

Usually donated in the amount of 475 ml to 1 liter

.

People who need blood transfusions are people with heart disease, cancer patients, gastrointestinal patients, people who have been exposed to fractures, trauma and anemia, in addition to organ transplants and diseases of the liver, kidneys and lungs.

blood transfusion between species
Blood transfusions are used on a daily basis where holders of the groups give to their counterparts from patients, for example:

People of blood type A can donate to blood type A, AB.
People with type B can donate to species B and AB.
People with blood type O are considered general donors for all species.
Blood type AB is one that only donates type AB, but receives blood from all species.
While group AB is straight
In most cases, negative O blood type can be safely given to anyone, and is often used in medical emergencies immediately when the blood type is not known, as it is safe for most receivers because it does not have any antigens of blood groups A, B or RHD on the surface of the cells, and is compatible with all other blood groups.

If you receive the wrong blood according to the ABO system, it can be a life-threatening condition.

For example, if someone with blood type B is given to someone with blood type A, blood group A antibodies attack blood group A cells.

This is why blood type A should never be given to someone with blood type B and vice versa.

Conditions for blood donation
If a person wants to donate blood, the following conditions must be met:

• The donor must be fit and healthy.
• The donor should weigh at least 50 kg.
• The donor must be 17-66 years old or 70 years old if he has donated blood before more than 70 years of donating blood within the last two years.